Analysis of risk factors and prevalence of occupational diseases in the Operational Staff of the Meritorious Fire Department of Guayaquil.

Abstract

This research analyzes occupational risk factors and the prevalence of work-related illnesses among operational personnel of the BCBG (Brigada de Bomberos de Buenos Aires), a profession classified as hypercritical and highly hazardous. Through an exhaustive qualitative literature review, it was identified that firefighters are exposed to a multifactorial and cumulative combination of hazards: physical and chemical (inhalation of toxic fumes, carcinogens, and fine particles, extreme heat stress), ergonomic (manual handling of heavy loads, prolonged awkward postures, and repetitive movements), and psychosocial (chronic traumatic stress, work-life balance, and, in some cases, workplace harassment). This sustained exposure translates into a high prevalence of specific illnesses, with musculoskeletal disorders (chronic lower back pain, disc injuries, and shoulder problems) being the leading cause of morbidity, followed by chronic respiratory and dermatological conditions, and, particularly critically, psychological disorders. The study reveals a significant and concerning gap between the existing regulatory framework in the Bogotá Fire Department (BCBG) and its effective practical application, highlighting the absence of a comprehensive system for continuous epidemiological surveillance and robust post-emergency decontamination protocols to mitigate residual exposure to carcinogens. As a central conclusion, the urgent implementation of a holistic and preventative model is proposed. This model should incorporate a rigorous health surveillance system, a mandatory decontamination protocol, specialized biomechanical strengthening programs, and continuous psychosocial support. All of this must be underpinned by institutional leadership committed to transforming the safety culture and protecting the overall well-being of personnel as a fundamental pillar of the fire service's operational effectiveness and sustainability.