Analysis of the Effectiveness of Vehicular and Pedestrian Access Controls in Preventing Operational Physical Security Incidents at the Base Coca Camp Henry Joel Sierra Perugachi.

Abstract

This academic literature review analyzes the effectiveness of vehicular and pedestrian access controls in preventing physical security incidents at the Coca Base camp, located in the province of Orellana, Ecuador. Based on a systematic documentary review, specialized bibliographic sources, technical reports, national and international regulations, and institutional records were triangulated to identify strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for improvement in the current access control systems. The findings show that, although there are technological mechanisms such as biometric readers, video surveillance cameras, and entry protocols, their integration with HSE platforms and interdepartmental coordination still present operational limitations. The analysis reveals that physical, chemical, ergonomic, and psychosocial risks are simultaneously present in daily operations, particularly in critical areas. Factors such as exposure to hazardous substances, work fatigue, geographical isolation, and operational pressure directly affect personnel safety. Additionally, challenges were identified related to interoperability among contractors, traceability of stay in high-risk areas, and the absence of psychosocial indicators in access systems. Among the proposed improvement strategies are technological modernization, record automation, continuous training, integration with HSE systems, and the incorporation of international best practices adapted to the Ecuadorian context. It is concluded that the effectiveness of access controls depends on a comprehensive, participatory, and sustained management approach capable of integrating technology, regulations, and organizational culture to ensure safe, efficient, and resilient operations.