Evaluation of occupational risks in the process of extinguishing forest fires for firefighters in the province of Loja

Abstract

This research analyzes the occupational risks faced by firefighters in the province of Loja during wildfire suppression efforts. Using a mixed-methods approach that combines qualitative and quantitative methods, the main hazards were identified, such as prolonged exposure to smoke and extreme heat, physical fatigue, inhalation of toxic substances, and the risk of structural collapse. To assess these risks, tools like the risk matrix, IPER, interviews with operational staff, and direct observation were used. The findings revealed significant deficiencies in operational infrastructure, maintenance of personal protective equipment (PPE), and occupational health training. It was found that many firefighters suffer from extreme fatigue, respiratory diseases, and musculoskeletal injuries, which are the leading causes of work absences. Additionally, the protective equipment showed significant wear, compromising personnel safety. The lack of proper decontamination and recovery areas increases exposure to harmful contaminants, worsening the risks. In conclusion, it is essential to improve occupational safety management by implementing medical surveillance programs, regularly updating protective equipment, and enhancing emergency response training. It is also recommended to modernize fire station infrastructure and foster a participatory safety culture. A comprehensive and sustained approach is proposed to minimize the impact of occupational risks, improve personnel safety and efficiency, and strengthen wildfire response capabilities in the Loja canton. Addressing these issues will improve firefighter safety, ensuring a more effective and secure emergency response. This approach will lead to better protection for firefighting personnel, increase their effectiveness in managing wildfires, and enhance their ability to respond to future incidents in the region.